It is five months since the latest SEIS/EIS rules were enacted (see our prior blog “Autumn Statement 2017 – SEIS and EIS implications”), and we are now starting to understand the effect, particularly within the film and TV sector which appears to be significantly impacted.

The complexity related to EIS and film companies results from the new “Risk to Capital” condition enacted on the 15th of March 2018.  This condition, which gives more discretionary powers to HMRC was introduced to ensure the schemes support early-stage companies with the potential to grow in the long term. The change was required as certain companies used the schemes to create tax motivated, low-risk investment opportunities, referred to as “capital preservation investments” (e.g., using EIS monies to buy property from which the company traded).

To now qualify for EIS, an enterprise must carry a level of risk that would typically deter investors; therefore, governmental assistance given by the EIS schemes enables the enterprise to raise the first rounds of finance (by reducing the risk of investment).

Like our film clients, I can hear you say: “But, surely film companies are high risk!”  Although this may be true as a general statement, it all comes down to how HMRC now defines “risk”.

The Risk to Capital condition

The “Risk to Capital” condition needs to be met to qualify for EIS schemes, and is defined as having two required components:

(1)     The company must have the objective to grow and develop in the long term; and

(2)    The investment must carry significant risk that the investor will lose more capital than they gain in return (including tax relief and dividends/distributions).¹

Per the first component above, indicators to grow and develop include plans for increasing:

• revenues,
• customer base, and
• number of employees.

In the case of film production companies, where the films are made on a project by project basis, revenues and client base brought by a specific film will eventually decline shortly after it’s released.  Therefore, film production companies raising capital for specific project(s) (i.e., the making of specified films) won’t be able to qualify for EIS, because the monies raised via EIS are being used for expenditure specifically for those film projects only (i.e., hiring of actors, location, props etc).  Compare that to a technology company, that will be using the EIS investment to hire permanent staff or to invest in R&D that will provide a future/long term benefit, and you can see where HMRC is coming from.

The second component to the "Risk to Capital" condition, carrying significant risk,  may also challenge film companies as HMRC doesn’t stop only in reviewing the business plan and the advance assurance application. HMRC will conduct their research to “create an overall picture of the investee company’s growth ambitions and the risk that an investment poses to investors’ capital. Factors to be considered may include third party information and information not disclosed by the company.”² HMRC ascertains whether the company has genuine intent to grow and develop in the long term and the level of risk posed to investors’ capital.  In other words, HMRC can make a subjective decision.

No bright lines

It is evident that the definition of what qualifies for EIS has purposefully not been clearly defined by HMRC.   HMRC confirm this by stating the following in the VCM Manual 8530: “[There are no] bright lines between a qualifying and non-qualifying company, to deter gaming of the tax-advantaged venture capital schemes by tax planners.”

Unfortunately, based on the clients I have worked with since March 2018, film and TV companies appear to be no longer qualifying for the SEIS and EIS schemes.  However, HMRC makes a point to confirm that film/TV companies are still eligible for the schemes by providing an example of a qualifying film company in the VCT Manual (VCM8560 Example 3 presented below).  This example, however, makes assumptions that may not be normal to typical film production companies:

HMRC example of a film company qualifying for EIS

“A film production company is seeking investment for a new film it has developed. It sets up a wholly-owned subsidiary company, a special purpose vehicle (SPV) through which to produce the film, in line with usual industry practice. The company has agreed some pre-sales for the film and has also applied, or intends to apply for Film Tax Relief in respect of the planned investment. The pre-sales and tax relief provide security for a small proportion of the overall investment; the remainder of the investment is not secured. The film production company subcontracts elements of the film for which it does not have the expertise in-house, such as set design and visual effects, to different freelancers and companies. The production company however retains overall control of the project and of the decision-making in relation to production activities. The company intends to carry on developing content, such as screenplays, and making films in the future, and intends to reinvest most of the profits from making this film to help it grow and develop this activity, taking on more employees, and building its reputation within the wider industry and establishing a ‘brand’.

How the risk-to-capital condition might apply

Taking all the information above into account, an investment in the parent production company can meet the condition, although a direct investment in the SPV could not.

• The SPV is a subsidiary of the film production company; investment is only permitted in companies that are not controlled by another company. If the SPV were set up as an independent company, outside a group structure headed by the film production company, investment in the SPV would not qualify for relief as the SPV will not grow and develop.
• The film production company as the parent company of the SPV would be likely to qualify, as it has developed the project itself and intends to grow and develop as a company. It intends to retain the capital and reinvest the profits from making the film in future projects.
• It is normal commercial practice in the film industry to secure pre-agreed income (for example pre-sales or eligibility for other support, such as Film Tax Relief). To meet the risk-to-capital condition, the investment must be genuinely at risk. If the investment sought covers pre-agreed income or support the company will be unlikely to qualify for tax relief, unless the amount of protected investment is insignificant and the overall risk of loss of capital remains significant.
• Though the film production company contracts out many elements of the film production, this is standard industry practice and the company maintains control over end-to-end production of the film. As such, subcontracting in this situation does not necessarily indicate a capital preservation investment.
• However if the company contracts out all or most of the activities it may not be eligible; the company must retain control and be active in the carrying out substantive and genuine film production activities. If the film production company acts mainly to deliver one or more projects developed by others, in other words acting as a shell, it will not be eligible for investment. The growth and development provided by such arrangements is of these sub-contracted companies, not the company raising the money.
• When deciding on whether the investment meets the risk-to-capital condition, other relevant factors will be considered along with those above, and all the facts of the individual case will be taken into account.” 

Conclusion

In summary:

• A single company related to film will probably not qualify if the EIS investment is largely for the production of a film (i.e. a project basis) or a slate of films. The company may potentially qualify if the investment is used not on film projects, but for the hiring of permanent staff (such as accountants, admin assistants etc) and for the growth of the company in its own right, unrelated to specific films and overheads (e.g., office rent and other admin fees).
• A holding company of a film related SPV may also still qualify as long as the expenditure is used for the long term growth of the company (as described in point 1 above).However its SPV set up specifically for a film on a project basis will most likely no longer qualify for SEIS/EIS.

Although in theory the film / TV sector remains a qualifying trade, it is now difficult to obtain SEIS/EIS advance assurance as the monies raised can no longer be used for the development of films; instead, SEIS/EIS investment can be used for the creation of a permanent support team that will grow in size over the years, not attached to specific movie projects, and there is no expected exit in the foreseeable future.  

It is important to note the schemes are not written specifically for the film sector; they are for many different industries, with the current focus to support the life sciences and technology sectors.  By providing more discretionary powers to HMRC, the “Risk to Capital” condition acts as a gateway to ensure that qualifying companies carry the appropriate growth potential and risk.

Footnotes:

1. https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/venture-capital-schemes-manual/vcm8530

2. https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/venture-capital-schemes-manual/vcm8542

3. https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/venture-capital-schemes-manual/vcm8560